Leadership Philosophy Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leadership Philosophy - Coursework Example positive influence, developing right priorities, integrity, creating positive change, problem solving, right attitude, developing people, vision, self-discipline and team building. All these aspects are very important in respect of a comprehensive approach to leadership. However, one of the most important qualities of a leader is to have a vision. A vision is a clear image or idea about the aspirations of a leader. A vision comprises a set of specifically defined objectives that an individual or a firm aims to achieve, along with ways to achieve the same. Vision can also be defined as a picture of the future, where a leader defines the aspirations, develops plans for achieving the same and predicts future changes related to the venture. Maxwell explained that vision is developed by combining the past, present and future ideas. An individual is able to learn different lessons from past experiences, which act as cornerstone for vision development. The present helps an individual in determining resources that he/she would require while giving a physical shape to the vision. The future enables development of the bigger picture of a particular idea conceived in an individual’s mind. The paper is a self-reflective essay about a particular vision of the author and the various measures to be adopted for giving physical shape to the vision. Personal health is an asset for every individual. Yet, with increasing complexity in the surrounding environment, most of us are unable to enjoy a healthy life. One of the important aspects of maintaining health is food. Our food consumption behavior is reflected on our health. For instance, high consumption of fast food results in obesity, while excessive dieting causes malnutrition and related diseases. Most individuals want to eat healthy food, but hate to compromise on requirements of the taste buds. Consequently, taste gets more preference over health. The above situation is common for almost every individual and considering

Economic Crisis in Argentina Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Economic Crisis in Argentina - Essay Example The government’s policies largely focused on addressing the human rights issues and ensuring independence of judiciary thereby strengthening the democratic process. These policies were very effective in increasing Alfonsin’s popularity. However, when the independent judiciary started to hinder the new government’s objectives, government abandoned the policy of judicial independence by promulgating laws such as ‘Full Stop Law’ and ‘Due Obedience Law’ (Tedesco, 2002, p. 472). These policies greatly decreased the popularity of government and provoked military rebellion, guerilla attacks and labour conflicts thereby weakening the government (Tedesco, 2002, p. 473). Hence, the increased confrontation between the labour class and government resulted in a failure of economic policy. Carlos Menem succeeded Alfonsin as president of the Latin American Republic. Menem tried to bring about a consensus between the labour class and the ruling elite an d was somewhat successful. However, he used the power earned from the political consensus to establish a hegemonic rule over the country. He restructured ‘the supreme court of justice’ and inducted his supporters and close aides as judges at the highest level. Similarly, the accountability courts or ‘the Tribunal de Cuentas’ was reformed with government friendly judges. These policies encouraged large-scale corruption by government officials. This resulted in a large scale economic unrest (Tedesco, 2002, p. 476). Different economic factors paved way to the grave economic crisis of Argentina. Alfonsin inherited a country with severe economic issues to be resolved. The government introduced a series of economic reforms including...This essay is one of the best examples of thorough retrospective analysis of the origin, transmission and cessation of the economic crisis in Argentina, with focus on the economic policies, that led to the overcoming of the crisis. The shift from dictatorship to ‘real’ democracy did not yield the anticipated results. Carlos Menen, the Argentinean President from 1989 to 1999, introduced reforms that proved catastrophic for the economy. His policy of privatizing the government owned corporations and encouraging foreign investment in banking and other sectors back-fired. Huge amount of funds were transferred overnight out of the country decreasing substantially the country’s foreign reserves. The government froze all the foreign currency accounts. But this move angered the country’s wealthy middle class. They deemed it as a violation of basic human rights and a pro-elitist policy Different economic factors paved way to the economic crisis of Argentina. The government introduced a series of economic reforms including introducing a new currency. The government has to take huge loans to support this move but could not pay the interest. This decreased the confidence in new currency. The economic bail-out packages offered by international monetary organizations contributed a little towards containing the situation. It was the people’s spirit and its recognition on the part of government that finally led Argentina out of the crisis. The country needs a political culture which strengthens democratic institutions.

Controlled But Not Cured Chronic Diseases Nursing Essay

Controlled But Not Cured Chronic Diseases Nursing Essay The life of someone with a chronic medical condition is changed in many ways that a healthy individual cannot understand. There is remarkable impact to the social, recreational and occupational functioning of someone with chronic illness. Relationships are also often compromised and strained as the effects on the family can be as great, but different, than that of the person who is affected. The emotional toll on someone with the challenges of an ongoing illness can be overwhelming. Mood-related symptoms, anxiety, depression, anger, irritability, helplessness and hopelessness are emotions that all those with chronic illness will probably experience. One of the most common chronic illnesses is Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterised by high levels of glucose in the blood. This is also known as hyperglycaemia. This results from defects in insulin secretion, insulin action or both. (American Diabetes Association (ADA), Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus, 2003). There are several types of diabetes mellitus; they may differ in cause, clinical cause and treatment. The main classifications of diabetes are: Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes, Gestational diabetes mellitus and Diabetes mellitus associated with other conditions or syndromes. This report is focused on Type 1 diabetes. The number of new cases of childhood-onset type 1 diabetes mellitus has increased significantly in recent years, particularly in younger children (Alderson et al. 2006). Type 1 diabetic patients are usually diagnosed before thirty years of age (CDC, Diabetes Surveillance, 1999) and in fact an alternative name is Juvenile diabetes. Approximately 5% to 10% of people with diabetes have Type 1 diabetes, in which the insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells are destroyed by the auto immune process. Consequently they produce little or no insulin and therefore require insulin injections to control their blood glucose levels. The clinical manifestations of type 1 diabetes are immense. These include rapid weight loss, thirst and hunger, frequent urination, lethargy and maybe even diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) Smeltzer, S.C, (2004). If this chronic illness is not managed properly it can result in terrible consequences. These may include loss of eyesight and limbs, coma or even death. All of these complications can affect the persons personal, social, and work life. When diabetes is managed properly, complications like retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy can be prevented (Hernandez Williamson, 2004). This chronic disease has a huge impact on both the patient and the whole family. Parents are continuously concerned about their childs transition through adolescence and often consider this as a stressful period in their life. When individuals are still very young, and thus, depending on their parents or carers there will be a sense of attachment between the two. This situation creates further anxiousness since parents act in different roles simultaneously, the role of a mother or father and the one who pricks her child everyday to check blood glucose levels and administer insulin therapy by injections. Much of the spontaneity of everyday life disappears in a routine of set-meals, blood tests, injections and attention in trying to keep blood glucose levels within a target range. According to Silink (2002) diabetes never takes a holiday. There is no disease in medicine in which parents are asked to make so many daily decisions about a life-saving treatment such as administering of insulin which, in the wrong dose, could cause harm to their child. There is evidence that a grieving period is experienced not only by the child but also by the parents following the loss of their childs health and sometimes parents even blame themselves for their childs disease . At times parents feel helpless in front of the disease and unable to provide the necessary diabetes care for their child. Affected children try to live normal and want to be seen and treated as no-diabetics, even though they know that to cope with their illness, there are things that they have to do that their friends can do without. This situation has a significant impact on the individuals involved and it can lead to loss of confidence and social isolation. Persons having chronic illness are in a constant state of grieving aspects of themselves that they may not get back. According to Stanton, A.L. et. al (1994), coping with the effects of the chronic illness requires a constant reorganizing and redefinition of self based on the changed reality imposed by the illness. The emotions elicited by chronic illness resemble the five stages described by Elisabeth Kubler Ross (1969) as stages of grief. The five stages are Denial, Anger, Depression, Bargaining and Acceptance. In fact, the individuals feel sad over their lost health and all the ramifications of that loss. Kà ¼bler-Ross originally applied these stages to people suffering from terminal illness, later to any form of disastrous personal loss such as employment. This may also include important life events such as the death of a family member, divorce, drug addiction, the onset of a disease or chronic illness or others. Kà ¼bler-Ross claimed these steps do not come in the order noted above, nor are all steps experienced by all patients, though she stated that a person will always experience at least two. It is a fact that no one can ever be prepared for the despair and disruption that a chronic illness bring about. For some individuals, it creates an inner struggle around beliefs and faith.   The person may feel abandoned, angry and confused and start asking the why questions.   For other people, turning to spiritual practice, meditation or prayer can offer comfort.   One theoretical model that has dealt with how cognitive factors influence illness coping behaviours and its outcomes is the Common Sense Model (CSM) of illness representations proposed by Leventhal, Meyer and Nerenz (1980) (Leventhal et al.,1984). The common-sense model of self-regulation of health and illness was developed in the 1980s by Howard Leventhal and his colleagues    (Diefenbach Leventhal, 1996).  The theory has various titles such as the, Self Regulation Theory, Common Sense Model of Illness Representation or Leventhals Theory (Hale et al, 2007).   The key construct within the Common Sense Model is the idea of illness representations or lay beliefs about illness. These representations integrate with existing guidelines that people hold, enabling them to make sense of their symptoms and guide any coping actions. Leventhal et al (1997) describe five components of these illness representations: The first component is identity. This is the label or name given to the condition and the symptoms that appear to go with it, in this case Type 1 diabetes. When a person is diagnosed with a chronic illness, he experiences a health threat in his life. Type1 diabetes presents itself with different symptoms and these are both experienced as body symptoms and also at an abstract cognitive level. Information about diabetes is provided to the individuals in order to have a clear picture of their disease. Hence the more illness coherence the individual has, the more they are capable to deal with it and create their personal model (Hampson, S.E, 1990). For example, a patient in the study of Huston, S.A Houk, C.P. (2011) who was an adolescent with well-controlled disease, noted that T1D is hereditary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ [text omitted] à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Its when your body attacks your pancreas and it stops producing insulin. You have to give yourself insulin to make your blood sugar level. In cont rast, patient 10, an adolescent with poorly controlled disease, reported that diabetes type 1 is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ ah, actually I really cant explain it. Time line is another domain of the Common Sense Model, this represents the duration of the illness which can be chronic, acute or cyclical. These beliefs will be re-evaluated as time progresses, and it has been suggested that Inside every chronic patient is an acute patient wondering what happened (Brown, F.M., 2002). The vast majority of patients understand their condition as a lifelong one, although sometimes the hope for a cure is mentioned. A few conflate cure with disease improvement or needing fewer treatments. Several timeline models have been put forward to depict the outcome of the interplay between the genetic and environmental factors. Chatenoud, L., Bluestone, J.A., 2007 argue that disease progression in T1D is not a linear process, but rather proceeds at variable pace in individual patients. For example in the study of Huston, S.A Houk, C.P (2011) a patient with good control of T1D, stated theres a honeymoon stage where you dont have it, like-it could go up from, like 2 days to a month, but à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I havent gone through that yet, and I think it can-it can go away. Personal control can also suffer an impact and since diabetes is a chronic disease there is the risk of poor adaption and lack of control. It is comprehensible that at this age children are difficult to control and can struggle with metabolic management at times. These representations will be based on information gathered from personal experience as well as the opinions and discourses of significant others, health professionals and media sources, reflecting issues such as stress, environmental pollution and other pathogens. Although Diabetic patients try to adhere to treatment and diet, they are also likely to cheat. Some of the patients sometimes are glad that their glucose level is low. They feel so not because of the good result but in order to take the opportunity and eat something sugary so that they have a decent blood glucose level. Treatment control represents the perception that following ones treatment is beneficial.. Managing this chronic illness is challenging. Parents of type 1 diabetic patients have to be strict in order that their children are compliant and empowered to control this disease. Although diabetic patients especially adults tend to be very compliant, those who still have high blood glucose results are then put back. They argue that although they are adherent and sacrifice themselves they still do not have the desired outcome. Consequences and emotional representations: the individual beliefs about the consequences of the condition and how this will impact on them physically, psychologically, financially and socially. These representations may only develop into more realistic beliefs over time. Some sort of consequences always exists when having a chronic illness. For example individuals who are diabetics are sometimes ashamed of telling their friends about their condition. Instead they make up excuses that they do not like sweets or they still get some and then they end up with hyperglycaemia. This shows that the individuals have not yet accepted their disease and are still denying the reality. Self-care activities are seen as a consequence by all diabetics, with specific activities varying by disease and age. Diabetic people describe their disease as serious or very serious, with death most frequently mentioned as the worst that could happen, followed by coma, eye sight problems, wounds or amputations re lated to Diabetes and hospitalization. Apart from all these some of the patients are always hiding that they have diabetes as for them it is a great loss in health which is eventually embarrassing. Financial problems and employment complications can be present as well (Marmot, M., Madge, N., 1987). This is probable due to a diminished level of independence which will effect mobility and reduce the working capacity in the advanced stage of the disease. Moreover, children will also fail to attend school due to frequent hospital visits or admissions, and perhaps sickness from secondary diseases caused by diabetes. Another model is the trajectory model which is a nursing model that mostly considers the situation of individuals with chronic diseases. It has been introduced by Juliet Corbin, a nurse and nursing scientist, and by the sociologist Anselm Strauss. This is also known as the Corbin-Strauss-Model and is recognised as a middlerange explanatory nursing theory (Corbin Straus, 1991). This model focuses on the concerned person having the chronic illness who requires support of the health care system during the process of coping with the illness. In terms of the Trajectory Model (TM), a faithful building of a relation between the caring nursing person and the patient should be affected. McCorkle Pasacreta, (2001) explains eight phases of chronic illness trajectory. The first phase is the Initial or pretrajectory phase, this takes place prior signs and symptoms are present whilst the Trajectory onset phase is when there are the first signs and symptoms and diagnosis takes place. The third phase is the crisis phase which takes place when serious situations occur. The acute phase is the stage where the symptoms are normally controlled by a prescribed regimen. The following phase stable phase is when the symptoms are under control and managed well. On the other hand the unstable phase takes place if the symptoms are not controlled with the prescribed management. The downward phase arises when there is development of mental and physical deterioration and the dying phase is the period before death approaches. This report provides recommendations to improve both the chronically ill individual and his relatives quality of life. The goal of these recommendations is to improve the health and hence become more compliant and adherent to treatment. However before blaming a person who is not very compliant, the health care team should assess the individual for any underlying problems which the patient might be facing. Recommendations Treatment adherence difficulties are common in individuals with diabetes, making glycaemic control difficult to attain. Since the risk of complications of diabetes can be reduced by proper adherence, patients who are not compliant should try and cope with some ideal recommendations for diabetes management. The concepts of compliance and adherence to treatment should be discussed and advices for improving adherence should be offered by adopting a more collaborative model of care emphasizing patient autonomy and choice. Ideally, prioritization and a realistic goal setting programme are discussed with both the patient and his carer to facilitate the implementation of self-management care. These targets should be selected on their importance, patient and carer motivation to succeed and the promptness of self-care. Bodenheimer et al. (2002) argues that selecting the wrong target or initiating too many changes at once can overwhelm the patient and lead to poor adherence. Nurses play a critical role in reducing diabetic difficulties through holistic care and education. The health care team can prevent such complications in patients by providing diabetes education especially to newly diagnosed patients. This can include creating a multidisciplinary diabetic control regimen by meeting patients regularly to check upon patients compliance. Through these interventions, nurses can greatly reduce diabetes complications in patients. When diabetes is not managed appropriately, it can put the individual at risk for long-term health and social problems. The role of the nurse in educating children and their families on the management of their care is imperative. Nurses can provide this information in a variety of settings, such as hospitals and schools. Good management of diabetes can be difficult for anyone, but there are special challenges when the effected person is a child. Youth with diabetes have a much higher rate of depression than the general population (Kanner, Hamrin, Grey, 2003). Young children may not understand why they need treatment and have their fingers pricked all the time. The teenagers are usually more interested in fitting in, and doing whatever their friends are doing at the time (Nabors, Troillett, Nash Masiulis, 2005). All of these challenges increase the need for good education to prevent diabetes related health problems. The average hospital stay for newly diagnosed child with diabetes is less than three days (Habich, 2006). This is barely enough time for the child, and his or her family, to learn the minimum skills needed to manage this disease at home. Some basic skills include how to check blood sugar level, what is the normal range, what to do if it is not within the normal range, and how to administer insulin. After being discharged from hospital most children spend a long time of their day at school where the school nurse will play a role in the management of their care. The nurses may also be the only ones at school with enough knowledge about diabetes to educate the students teachers and coaches about their disease. Educating the school staff is important because they need to watch the children for signs and symptoms of hypoglycaemia, such as nervousness, shaking, irritability, or blurred vision. They should also know how to check the childs blood sugar if they suspect it is low, and what to give them if it is. This happens especially if the child is still very young and is not yet compliant. When the child goes for a school activity, the teachers or those caring for the students should always have something sugary such as sweet drinks or sweets which can raise the childs glucose level quickly when necessary. Nurses are both educators and managers of care at schools. According to Brown, S.A (1999), physician encouragement can successfully assist patients change their behaviours. They may also organise support groups if more than one child is diabetic, so that the students can discuss among themselves some issues regarding their illness. The more children are educated about their own disease, the better the chance of it being managed properly. According to ADA 2005, it is important for physicians to provide patients with blood glucose goals. To achieve these goals, patients may need counselling on how to appropriately balance their caloric intake, physical activity, and insulin doses throughout the day. This balance requires patients to learn how food, physical activity, and insulin affect their blood glucose levels. Physicians may refer a patient to a certified diabetes educator at the time of diagnosis or if the patient is unable to meet his or her glycaemic goals. Diabetes self-management education is the essential foundation for the empowerment approach and is necessary for patients to effectively manage diabetes and make these decisions. Funnell, M.M. et al. (1991) state that the purpose of patient education within the empowerment philosophy is to help patients make decisions about their care and obtain clarity about their goals, values, and motivations. Patients need to learn about diabetes and how to safely care for it on a daily basis (Anderson, R.M, 1995). It is also essential to give information about various treatment options, the benefits and costs of each of these strategies, how to make changes in their behaviors, and how to solve problems (Arnold, M.S., 1995). In addition, patients need to understand their role as a decision-maker and how to assume responsibility for their care by means of giving appropriate information. The DCCT (Diabetes Control and Complications Trial, 2001), demonstrated that tight control of blood glucose levels can cause weight gain and even obesity. Patients should be reminded that food portion control and lower caloric intake plus regular physical activity are critical to avoid weight gain. When dealing with diet, diabetic patients should only eat sweets in moderation. To slow the rapidly rising blood glucose levels caused by sweets, patients should eat them with other foods when possible and use rapid-acting insulin (ADA, 2005). Eating at bedtime and eating other snacks are largely needless to raise blood glucose levels if a patient uses insulin. On the other hand they may be necessary if the patients blood glucose level is low. If the patient is still dependant, parents should be aware of the products available on the markets which are good alternatives of the normal sugar-based ones. It is ideal that people should be encouraged to ask more about these foods and where they are available. In England, a structured educational programme (DAFNE) to help people with Type 1 Diabetes exists. This is called Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating (DAFNE). Making use of this programme persons learn how to regulate their insulin dosage to suit their free choice of food, rather than having to work their life around their insulin doses. Similar programmes will be precious for diabetic patients in Malta if they are implemented. The patient or physician should teach persons who have frequent contact with the patient about the symptoms of hypoglycaemia. They should be knowledgeable on how to treat the condition, how to overcome the patients occasional hypoglycaemia, and the importance of remaining calm during an episode. If the patient needs help, they should simply provide him or her with a source of sugar. Patients usually recover quickly and if not, additional sugar can be given. If extreme hypoglycaemia inhibits a patient from eating or drinking safely, a single injection of glucagon (1 mg intravenously or subcutaneously) usually will restore consciousness within few minutes. One should pay special attention when having excessive alcohol consumption. This increases the incidence of hypertension and stroke and inhibits the liver from releasing glucose, exacerbating hypoglycaemia. Patients should limit alcohol consumption to one to two drinks per day and focus on maintaining a normal blood glucose level when drinking alcohol (Whelton, P.K, 2002). Regular physical activity is especially important for patients with diabetes, because inactivity in these patients is associated with a two times higher risk of cardiovascular disease. According to Moy, C.S. et. al (1993), patients should exercise for thirty to sixty minutes daily at an intensity of at least a brisk walk. These people should be counselled on how to accommodate exercises effect on blood glucose levels. Physicians should tell patients that insulin is absorbed and peaks faster during exercise, especially when injected into the leg. Klonoff, D.C, (2005) recommends that patients should assess fingertip blood glucose levels at least three times daily and record the results whenever they notice that it is not within the normal range. In addition, patients should test their blood glucose levels before and after exercising, before driving, and when they are uncertain if their blood glucose is at an appropriate level. Bedtime testing is especially important because nocturnal symptoms may go unnoticed, causing severe hypoglycaemia. Patients should know how rapidly their insulins take effect, when they peak, and how long they are active. Each type of insulin has distinct advantages and disadvantages. People with diabetes have an increased risk of depression and anxiety, which may be why many diabetes specialists regularly include a social worker or psychologist as part of their diabetes care team. One important aspect of the experience of caring for a child with a chronic illness is social support. Social support can be positive when social interactions are advised and these can leave a fruitful impact on health and well-being. On the other hand, certain social contacts can be stressors rather than supportive. This may include creating uncertainty and worry, negative labelling, giving misleading information and creating dependence (Suls, 1982). There are support groups available both online and in person. Although support groups are not for everyone, they can be good sources of sharing of information. Group members often know about the latest treatments and tend to share their own experiences or helpful information. It is well understood that a supporting family background and a combination of medical professionals involving nutritional therapists, nurses, physiotherapists, education supervisors and the diabetic specialist, lead to the successful management of this increasingly common childhood illness. Patients with diabetes should be reassured that they can do almost anything those without diabetes can do as long as they maintain glucose control. Family doctors can significantly influence their patients outlooks on living with diabetes by educating them and encouraging them to take control of their health. The previous recommendations focus on the key educational messages that patients with diabetes need to know. Taking the time to explain these recommendations, instead of simply providing written materials is beneficial to patients. These discussions can increase patients satisfaction and understanding and benefit their future health. The major focus of Diabetes is the need for adhering to treatment. Also it is imperative that individuals follow the dietary requirements in order to help manage the disease and ensures that certain problems like hypo or hyperglycaemia attacks are minimal. Mancuso et al. (2003) emphasises that education of both children and parents is of extreme importance for understanding diabetes and all it is about and subsequently being successful in long term care. Following the previous recommendations ensures that individuals are empowered to improve and hence have the best quality of care possible.

Essay --

Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Exploitation Teams (HET), now referred to as Counterintelligence/HUMINT Detachments (CHD), have proven to be highly valuable and effective intelligence collection assets and have provided a significant amount of actionable intelligence during counterinsurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, very little HUMINT has been gathered by Marines from the female populations within these population culture. Despite the introduction of female Marines into the Counterintelligence/HUMINT (CI/HUMINT) community in September 2008, it has been difficult to gain access to potential female sources without female CI/HUMINT Marines employed with the maneuver infantry units down to the lowest tactical level. Counterinsurgency (COIN) collection operations hinges on the intelligence community’s ability to locate, contact, and learn from the indigenous population at large in order to glean potentially time-sensitive and valuable information which may save l ives or answer pertinent collection requirements above the tactical level. This task is very difficult for male Marines who are not only ill-prepared and rarely trained to interact with female members of any local community to which they are deployed, but they are also formally and rigidly restricted from direct contact with females in the majority of the Middle East cultures. The employment of Female CI/HUMINT Marines at the lowest tactical level within a counterinsurgency environment is imperative to operational level mission accomplishment. In 2013, the Secretary of Defense overturned a 1994 rule that had previously prohibited women from being assigned to smaller tactical ground combat units. The individual United States military branches have ... ...y combatants or insurgents. Combat experiences allow commanders to operate within a shorter decision-making cycle due to their successes and failures from previous COIN operations. Combat units remain focused on achieving situational understanding of their assigned area of responsibility and thus are willing to employ any and all resources available to achieve mission accomplishment. Units or individuals attached, but not assigned, to combat units provide a capability requested or required by the operating unit to enhance its combat effectiveness and its likelihood of mission accomplishment. The counter-insurgency environments in Iraq and Afghanistan required quality HUMINT collection, to be successful. Ensuring that qualified and dedicated CI/HUMINT women Marines are a fundamental part of the future tactical environment is an imperative that cannot be ignored. Essay -- Human Intelligence (HUMINT) Exploitation Teams (HET), now referred to as Counterintelligence/HUMINT Detachments (CHD), have proven to be highly valuable and effective intelligence collection assets and have provided a significant amount of actionable intelligence during counterinsurgency operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. However, very little HUMINT has been gathered by Marines from the female populations within these population culture. Despite the introduction of female Marines into the Counterintelligence/HUMINT (CI/HUMINT) community in September 2008, it has been difficult to gain access to potential female sources without female CI/HUMINT Marines employed with the maneuver infantry units down to the lowest tactical level. Counterinsurgency (COIN) collection operations hinges on the intelligence community’s ability to locate, contact, and learn from the indigenous population at large in order to glean potentially time-sensitive and valuable information which may save l ives or answer pertinent collection requirements above the tactical level. This task is very difficult for male Marines who are not only ill-prepared and rarely trained to interact with female members of any local community to which they are deployed, but they are also formally and rigidly restricted from direct contact with females in the majority of the Middle East cultures. The employment of Female CI/HUMINT Marines at the lowest tactical level within a counterinsurgency environment is imperative to operational level mission accomplishment. In 2013, the Secretary of Defense overturned a 1994 rule that had previously prohibited women from being assigned to smaller tactical ground combat units. The individual United States military branches have ... ...y combatants or insurgents. Combat experiences allow commanders to operate within a shorter decision-making cycle due to their successes and failures from previous COIN operations. Combat units remain focused on achieving situational understanding of their assigned area of responsibility and thus are willing to employ any and all resources available to achieve mission accomplishment. Units or individuals attached, but not assigned, to combat units provide a capability requested or required by the operating unit to enhance its combat effectiveness and its likelihood of mission accomplishment. The counter-insurgency environments in Iraq and Afghanistan required quality HUMINT collection, to be successful. Ensuring that qualified and dedicated CI/HUMINT women Marines are a fundamental part of the future tactical environment is an imperative that cannot be ignored.

SERVICE LEARNING IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE TEACHING

AbstractionThis research will analyze the evidences for implementing SL at University of Prishtina, by analysing the pupils ‘ attitude towards SL. It will concentrate in happening the most appropriate methods of how to implement SL in ESL and motivate instructors and pupils to be portion of it. The survey will be investigated through pupil ‘s questionnaire, teacher ‘s questionnaire, and concentrate group where pupils will be take parting. These methods will be used in order to analyze the pupils ‘ experience and sentiments on service acquisition in ESL, and teacher ‘s readiness and willingness to integrate Service Learning in their ESL instruction environment. The survey will reply the research inquiries and formalize the hypotheses. Analysis of consequences will be used in order to set up the evidences for implementing Service Learning into the bing course of study in ESL plans and giving the pupils an chance to use experience and cognition in existent life state of affairss.IntroductionService Learning isa new attack that merges the academic work with existent life state of affairss, this encourages the pupils to reflect on their ain experience in life and believe in a critical manner about it.Its chief constituents are reflection and experience. Service acquisition is built on squad work, it combines larning aims with service aims, Teachs duty to immature pupils and raises community demands awareness through instruction. The concluding end of Service Learning is run intoing class contents while prosecuting pupils in acquisition by making and reflecting upon their ain experience. The brooding action and the experience that is put frontwa rd in this type of larning develops pupil ‘s intelligence and forms their manner of larning while taking to organize their single course of study. Harmonizing to Dewey: â€Å" Education should promote engagement within the community, develop accomplishments that will work out existent life jobs, and learn the pupils to go responsible citizens † ( Dewey, 1938 ) . This thought is implemented in US instruction system. In station communist states such as Kosovo community based undertakings were non portion of instruction. Education was led by an iron-fist methodological analysis that was implemented in national course of study, which glorified the communism as a perfect political orientation. There was no room for inventions or any sort of service other than Communist. However, this epoch came to an terminal and gave room to new epoch and political orientations that will convey productive methods and attacks in instruction. As a consequence of the stray policy that former Communist states experienced today the demand for Service Learning in the Balkans is bigger than of all time and the demand for its execution into national course of study is critical. The industrialisation, globalisation challenges and the new world in Kosovo require an advanced instruction, a manner that will put the focal point in existent life, in the community and the existent jobs, a manner based on acquisition by making. There is an inaugural about implementing Service Learning in the Balkans. Since this correlates with to day of the month democracy, and this being the primary focal point of the Balkan states the involvement grows every twenty-four hours. To exemplify the attempt for implementing SL in ESL I will advert some enterprises: Service Learning Conference, held in Bijela, Montenegro in June, 2006 under the subject: â€Å" Increasing Community Impact and Educational Outcomes in Higher Education † . This was a plan that was developed by the South – Eastern Europe Junior Faculty, and was supported by the American Councils. This was an enterprise for the Balkans and it continues to develop and spread out as a plan in the part. On schoolroom execution of SL it is valuable to advert the innovator of this method in FYROM, severally in the SEEU, Aida Koci. As a JFDP alumnus she modified her talks in order her pupils to understand the challenges that particular needs pupils face every twenty-four hours. This speaks loud that service Learning can be implemented in every class topic, in this peculiar one she used her â€Å" Needs Analysis † class to make and affect pupils in a meaningful seminar where they had the opportunity to personally hear the challenges of two handicapped pupils and the experts of that field. Ms Koci ‘s hope that the pupils will reflect on the experience and the cognition gained from this undertaking in their future employment as instructors marked this enterprise as a milepost in the huge see of SL chance.1.1 Research AimsThe general purpose of this research is to research instructor ‘s willingness to implement SL into ESL plan. At the same clip, the research will analyz e the pupils ‘ positions on SL as a undertaking oriented plan. The probe of this research will be done through a questionnaire and a focal point group.1.2 The major aims of this survey are:To place the possibilities of farther implementing SL at University of Prishtina. To analyse the pupils ‘ attitude towards SL. To urge the most appropriate methods of how to implement SL in the course of study and motivate instructors and pupils to be portion of it.Literature ReviewService acquisition is dedicated to implement alterations within an educational system by perpetrating to it with serious motive that derives from agent ‘s involvement, emotions and spirit. These tools make Service larning a device that will take towards a alteration that will ensue with higher thought accomplishments in scholars, improved ability to reflect on experience, better apprehension of existent life jobs, battle in the community where scholar lives, and readying for life outside of the schoolroom. A young person geared with such accomplishments will without any uncertainties pave the route to a brighter problem-solving hereafter. A peculiar topic that requires a particular involvement in my part and besides broader is the ESL plan and the debut of Service Learning in this plan. The common inquiries that ESL instructors ask are the undermentioned: 1. Have my pupils learned what they were taught? 2. Can they utilize what they were taught in existent life state of affairss? 3. Is at that place knowledge functioning them in category merely? 4. And eventually, can they be fluent in existent life state of affairss when utilizing English Language? Thankss to the work and theories of many research workers the first stairss are taken towards implementing positive alterations to current instruction and ESL. The pillar of this thought was installed by John Dewey, to whose work and accomplishments we must mention when talking about larning based on experience. In Experience and NatureDewey provinces that experiential acquisition has an impact on epistemology, ( quoted by Kolb 1984, p. 161 ) : â€Å" aˆÂ ¦the ways in which we believe and expect have a enormous consequence on what we believe and expect aˆÂ ¦ We discover that we believe many things non because the things are so but because we have become habituated ( to them ) through the weight of authorization, by imitation, prestigiousness, establishment, and unconscious consequence of linguistic communication † . These two impressions that Dewey emphasized: the connexion of the pupils with acquisition, and how pupils know what they know is in fact believed to ease 2nd linguistic communication acquisition at best because is self- goaded manner and non imposed by another party, authorization, or a instructor. Besides experience, contemplation is another important constituent of the learning rhythm. Harmonizing to David Kolb: â€Å" The scholar is straight in touch with the worlds being studiedaˆÂ ¦ ( He or she has a direct brush with the phenomenon being studied ) , instead simply believing about the brush or merely sing the possibility of making something with it † . This construct is non new, and it is a really of import 1 for ESL categories excessively. Language scholars need a context that they understand and which is meaningful excessively. Here is what Mary Ann Christison, in â€Å" Applications of Brain-Based Research for Second Language Teaching and Learning † ( 1999 ) , inferred about the meaningful context in Language Learning ( quoted by Minor 2001 ) : â€Å" Facts and accomplishments that are taught in isolation and non connected to something meaningful can non be remembered without considerable pattern and dry run†¦ Second linguistic communication schoolroom activities that are meaningful create an ideal acquisition chance for 2nd linguistic communication pupils to larn more information in a shorter clip, with less attempt † . In an ESL category pupils ‘ cognitive accomplishments and acquisition enhances merely when they are exposed to context that relates to significance. Harmonizing to Laura Latulippe ( 1999 ) pupils ‘ proficiency in linguistic communication is in direct correlativity with the sum of their exposure to meaningful context and they should be exposed to it wheresoever and whenever possible. Another benefit for the pupils of ESL is the development of humane values ( Minor 2001 ) , and the true image about the society and its value. On this Howard Berry and Linda Chisholm ( 1999 ) , believe that: â€Å" Foremost among the intents ( of higher instruction ) is that of giving immature grownups the accomplishments and comprehensiveness of cognition to believe profoundly about the constructions of their society and to allow values which must regulate their personal and professional lives ( p.12 ) † . Service larning in ESL may travel out of their schoolroom and utilize what they have learned, reflect upon that experience and what they learned when they are back in category in order to heighten acquisition, and it promotes humanist values. Harmonizing to Kendall: an effectual plan is the 1 that has the undermentioned elements: Engages people in responsible and ambitious actions for the common good ; Provides structured chances for people to reflect on their service experience ; Articulates clear service and learning ends for everyone involved ; Clarifies the duty of each individual and organisation involved ; Includes preparation, supervising, monitoring, support, acknowledgment and rating to run into service and learning ends ; Is committed to plan engagement by and with diverse population ( Kendall, 1990, p.40 ) .Previous Studies and ResearchA reappraisal of the old surveies that are conducted in the field of SL in linguistic communication acquisition will supply the evidences for important replies to the inquiries being investigated. SL is instead a immature field and as a consequence of this the pool of researches that are conducted in this filed is non every bit deep as is the topic ‘s demand. Previous surveies and researches are conducted in order to light and clear up the importance and the positive consequence of Service larning in ESL in order to set up the development of this plan. Many establishments since 2000 have implemented Service larning in their Curricula. Sacred Heart University, to advert one, has successfully integrated SL in their ESL categories. Their ESL pupils go into the community on hebdomadal footing and they visit and serve to a local soup kitchen, an simple school, a tutoring bureau, a retirement community, a Habitat for Humanity building undertaking, etc. The services they offer are assorted, get downing from fixing and functioning nutrient, helping instructors, tutoring, etc. In category they reflect to legion feelings, ideas, experiences and observations they ‘ve had. They besides research and read about the issues they have observed in field ( homelessness, intervention of the aged, childhood instruction ) ( Minor, 2001 ) . Another interesting service larning undertaking is Mullaney ‘s which grouped Latino pupils of ESL with Spanish pupils whose native linguistic communication was English. This gave both groups an chance to hold a colloquial spouse and enabled a bipartisan information exchange and experience. To heighten their lingual development they were integrated into the community college, this was done with the purpose to do them experience as portion of the community and besides to give them the chance to pattern English linguistic communication while discoursing with native talkers. The pupils did non hold this opportunity to interact with native talkers in mundane life. In this undertaking they performed a service that was identified demand into the community, developed their sense of caring for others, their civic duty, and it enhanced their linguistic communication larning experience ( Hellebrandt, 1999 ) . Dawson ‘s ( 2006 ) service -learning undertaking engaged the Sitka Tribe in Alaska. The pupils ‘ service in this undertaking was to interview the seniors of the Sitka Tribe in order to document their verbal history into written. The pupils besides assisted them in interpreting from their Indigenous into English. This divine native American pupils to larn more about their cultural heritage and imposts and history while heightening their academic accomplishment in History. A similar service acquisition undertaking is integrated in the course of study of the University of Prishtina, Department of English Language and Literature. Junior pupils group comprised of 12 pupils were engaged to finish 30 hours of interlingual rendition for a local intelligence bureau â€Å" Kosova Live † . They had to interpret the intelligence, edit, save the interlingual rendition, and header with deadlines. On completion of this undertaking the pupils had to convey a file of their interlingual renditions to their instructor, for the portfolio appraisal. The educational goalsin this undertaking were: Career readying ; Students will better their Albanian- English interlingual rendition skills.Standards mete the followers: Students will understand and construe written linguistic communication on a assortment of subjects ; Students present information, constructs, and thoughts to an audience of readers on a assortment of reliable subjects ; Students demonstrate apprehension of the nature of linguistic communication through comparings of the linguistic communication studied and their ain ; Students use the linguistic communication both within and beyond the school scene. The spouse in this undertaking Kosova Live Agency benefited from this coaction from the translated intelligence into Albanian and the service was provided for free. The professor proofread the interlingual rendition work of the pupils and identified the grammatical or vocabulary constructs in which pupils need to better. Then the instructor created lessons to assist them learn/practice those constructs. Besides, the pupils received points in category for finishing the interlingual renditions accurately in the signifier of a undertaking o r assignment. This was the appraisal of the pupil larning ends.Research QuestionsQ1: Why should we advance service-learning? Q2: Why is it of import that service-learning be incorporated in the traditional course of study? Q3: How can service-learning be incorporated in linguistic communication larning course of study?Research HypothesissH1. Service acquisition is a cutting border methodological analysis that helps non merely the community but pedagogues and scholars besides it can be adapted to any class that is taught in the school. H2. Service larning helps pupils understand better the content of the class because they learn by making which fits in with the ends of the Bologna procedure. H3. Service larning gives pupils an chance to utilize their cognition in a socially meaningful context which improves the relevancy and pertinence of their cognition.Research Design and MethodologyData Gathering ProcedureThis present survey will do usage of implementing processs to accomplish the intent of the survey:4.1 ParticipantsParticipants in this research will be pupils of the English Language Department at SEEU in Tetovo, and Mechanical Engineering Faculty University of St. Cyril and Methodius in Skopje. The pupils will be chosen based on their experience and consequences, and besides based on their instructors ‘ mention.MethodologyThe research methodological analysis that will be used in this research is quantitative method that will be gathered through: pupils ‘ and instructors ‘ questionnaire and focal point group. The questionnaires will be distributed to the pupils at the SEEU and Mechanical Engineering Faculty. In both establishments Service Learning has been introduced since 2006, and the choice of the pupils will be done based on their 5 twelvemonth engagement in this plan. Teacher ‘s questionnaire will be used in order to measure instructors ‘ engagement in SL plans and their motive for SL undertakings. Focus group is a group activity for pupils ‘ development and the purpose of this method is to mensurate how they will run into the class content and the addition larning through SL undertakings. Finally, figures, charts, and tabular arraies will be included and analyzed in the research paper in order to hold a clear image of the survey.4.3 ProcedureA pupil ‘s questionnaire will be distributed in order to obtain informations related to pupil ‘s background and their perceptual experience of SL. Students will be given instructions and the research worker will explicate the intent of the questionnaire. Afterwards, a instructor ‘s questionnaire will be distributed in order to derive general information in relation to teacher ‘s attitude towards SL and the manner it is implemented in ESL schoolroom. Again, the intent of the survey will be explained in item. Finally, there will be a focal point group and the pupils will be given the chance to portion thoughts about SL undertakings that they will be assigned to, this will function as an appropriate tool of appraisal. The pupils will be exhaustively briefed firsthand about the plan, the undertaking that they will be assigned to and the expected results of it.Analysis of DatasSome instruments will be used in the probe portion of the research paper in order to roll up the information. It is expected the information analysis will ensue with the utility of SL plan execution as an advanced thought in instruction and its purpose to develop the pupils ‘ larning into something significant to them by offering custodies on instruction and acquisition by making exterior of the schoolroom. Quantitative method will be used in the research paper in order to exemplify the consequences obtained from both instructors and pupils.Interpretation of ConsequencesThe research will expose the scholars †˜ perceptual experiences about SL undertakings and demo its importance in linguistic communication acquisition. Additionally, the survey will demo the instructors ‘ attitude towards SL plan and the manner they tend to implement it in the course of study. Another portion of the research paper will include the replies from pupils ‘ and instructors ‘ questionnaires and the focal point group consequences.Master Thesis Content:Table OF CONTENTSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ACKNOWLEDGMENTSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. ABSTRACTaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ Chapter I: INTRODUCTIONaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Background of the StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Significance of the StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. Purposes and Aims of the StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ . Description of Thesis OrganizationaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ ConclusionaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Chapter II: LITERATURE REVIEWaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦Chapter III: PREVIOUSSTUDIES ON SERVICE LEARNINGaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 3.1 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦..aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ . 3.2.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ 3.3 aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Chapter IV: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 4.1 Purpose of StudyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.2 Research QuestionsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 4.3 Research Hypothesis†¦ aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.4 Research Design and MethodologyaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . 4.4.1 ParticipantsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 4.4.2 InstrumentsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. 4.4.3 ProceduresaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ . Chapter V: Analysis OF RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 5.1 Students ‘ QuestionnaireaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 5.2 Teachers ‘ QuestionnaireaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. 5.3 Focus GroupaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ 5.4 Comparison of ResultsaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ . Chapter VI: CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONSaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ Chapter VII: Restriction OF STUDYaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ .. REFERENCESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦.. APPENDICESaˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦aˆÂ ¦ †¦ †¦ †¦ ..

John Proctor Cruicible

The hysteria of witchcraft fills the streets of Salem, Massachusetts with rumors and accusations leading to the hanging of nineteen innocent people. Arthur Miller uses this tragedy to resemble the same stupidity of the accusations of the infiltration of communists in the United States throughout the sass's.To display the absurdness of the accusations, Miller had to create a protagonist with non-conformist views that would defy the Insanity raised by the fictitious experiences of witchcraft. Miller creates the character John Proctor, a fictional character who does not conform to the madness of Salem. At times he may seem like a bad man trying to do a good deed, but, on the contrary, Is quite a good man. Through the actions after his affair with Abigail, by defending his wife, and by standing up for his religious and personal viewpoints, John Proctor proves that he is indeed a good man.It cannot be denied that John Proctor had an affair with Abigail Williams. He did something wrong and his actions haunt him throughout the play. He did break the sixth commandment, but because he is a sinner does not mean he is a terrible man. Everyone has sinned, and they cannot try and change that. It is how they deal with sin that defies who they are. John Proctor shows that he Is not bad by having the feeling of guilt. For without guilt, it would mean that what he did, in his eyes did not feel wrong. This Is not the case because during act one, while Proctor Is Introduced,Abigail tempts him while they are alone. Abigail: Give me a word John. A soft word. Her concentrated desire destroys his smile. John: No, no, Baby. That's done with. (Miller 22) Proctor denies all temptations that would lead to the feeling of guilt later on, showing his good morals as well as his love for Elizabeth still exists. Even though John betrayed Elizabeth, he still loves her and will protect her no matter the circumstances. One Instance that Proctor could easily be ridden of his wife Is let her be tak en and then eventually get with Abigail.It seems a bit preposterous, but is reactions are those of any good man in that he defends his wife. Cheaper asks, Cheaper: Now, woman, will you please to come with me? John: She will not! (73) He defends Elizabeth as well in court by giving up his good name to try and soil Abigail. Even when they tell him that Elizabeth has been given a year for pregnancy to have a baby, this does not stop him because he wants to try and free all of the wrongly accused. Although, even after he confesses to the affair, his wife defends him by not telling the truth.This shows that throughout everything that happens an intelligent woman such as Elizabeth still loves John. She knows that John made a mistake, but he is still the good man that she fell in love with. In loving Elizabeth, John cares for her when she is sick. The care for his wife leads to many absences in church. Only attending â€Å"twenty-six time in seventeen month† (64) can be assumed that it is not only Just because he cared for his wife, but because he did not care for the reverend. John's defiance of Reverend Paris at first seems to Just match Proctor's personality of rebelliousness.On the contrary, his defiance shows the DOD side of him. This shows that he believes that Paris' greed should have nothing to do with the church that he was so involved in before. He also is a strong believer that the place of worship does not matter, it's the quality of worship that usurps the location. This reveals that he truly cares enough about his religious beliefs that when he felt that Paris was not a good religious influence on his children he slowly began to go to church less and less. This ideology is shown during act two. Hale: Mr.. Proctor, your house is not a church; your theology must tell you that.John: It does, sir, it does; and it tells me that a minister may pray to God without he have a golden candlesticks upon the altar. (65) Proctor's first impression on the reade r is one of a flawed man. He slowly has to earn the reader's respect and becomes the good guy of the story. He supports his wife in her times of need. He defies all attempts by Abigail to spark another affair. He risks all he has to try and stand up for what he believes is right. Through his actions in The Crucible, John Proctor earned the respect he deserves and is shown as the good man that he truly is.

Free Essays on Men And Women In Raymond Carvers Fiction

MEN, WOMEN AND RELATIONSHIPS IN RAYMOND CARVER’S FICTION The relationships between men and women are one of the major themes in Raymond Carver’s fiction. His characters are often couples who try to struggle through their tormented lives with aid of alcohol. Furthermore, they are often representatives of lower social classes. Behind their misery lies a dream of a better future which is, however, never fulfilled. In addition to drinking, the issues that come up in Carver’s short stories regarding relationships include the questions of social identity, trust and striving for the control of their own lives. In this essay I will try to introduce the ways in which these problems are come up in a selection of Carver’s stories. I also try to compare and contrast the stories and draw parallels between them. The stories I shall use as an example are Mr Coffee and Mr. Fixit, Gazebo, Neighbors, Feathers and Preservation. Many of the couples in the stories suffer from lack of trust in their relationships. In Mr. Coffee and Mr. Fixit the male narrator and Myrna have drifted apart; Myrna is sleeping with another man and the narrator does not really care. What is even more ironic is the fact that not only does Myrna betray her husband but also her lover Ross has a young girl â€Å"on the side†. Similarly, in Gazebo Duane and Holly find a crack in their relationship because Duane is sleeping with a Mexican woman who cleans the rooms in their hotel. Both the narrator in Mr.Coffee and Holly seem to give up and accept the fact that their spouses are unfaithful, although it is not easy. Holly, especially takes Duane’s affair very seriously, she even threatens to kill herself by jumping out of the window. She is extremely disappointed in her husband: â€Å"You have gone outside the marriage. It’s trust you have killed†. It can be asked if the ever has been trust in their relationsh ip to begin with or is this just a result of the lack of... Free Essays on Men And Women In Raymond Carver's Fiction Free Essays on Men And Women In Raymond Carver's Fiction MEN, WOMEN AND RELATIONSHIPS IN RAYMOND CARVER’S FICTION The relationships between men and women are one of the major themes in Raymond Carver’s fiction. His characters are often couples who try to struggle through their tormented lives with aid of alcohol. Furthermore, they are often representatives of lower social classes. Behind their misery lies a dream of a better future which is, however, never fulfilled. In addition to drinking, the issues that come up in Carver’s short stories regarding relationships include the questions of social identity, trust and striving for the control of their own lives. In this essay I will try to introduce the ways in which these problems are come up in a selection of Carver’s stories. I also try to compare and contrast the stories and draw parallels between them. The stories I shall use as an example are Mr Coffee and Mr. Fixit, Gazebo, Neighbors, Feathers and Preservation. Many of the couples in the stories suffer from lack of trust in their relationships. In Mr. Coffee and Mr. Fixit the male narrator and Myrna have drifted apart; Myrna is sleeping with another man and the narrator does not really care. What is even more ironic is the fact that not only does Myrna betray her husband but also her lover Ross has a young girl â€Å"on the side†. Similarly, in Gazebo Duane and Holly find a crack in their relationship because Duane is sleeping with a Mexican woman who cleans the rooms in their hotel. Both the narrator in Mr.Coffee and Holly seem to give up and accept the fact that their spouses are unfaithful, although it is not easy. Holly, especially takes Duane’s affair very seriously, she even threatens to kill herself by jumping out of the window. She is extremely disappointed in her husband: â€Å"You have gone outside the marriage. It’s trust you have killed†. It can be asked if the ever has been trust in their relationsh ip to begin with or is this just a result of the lack of...

Find Canadian Tax Info Online with CRAs My Account

Find Canadian Tax Info Online with CRAs My Account My Account is a Canada Revenue Agency (CRA) service that provides Canadians with secure access to their personal income tax information online. The My Account ​hours of service are 21 hours a day. Tax Information Available on My Account The My Account tax service lets you see information on various topics, including: Your income tax refundIncome tax returns and assessmentsIncome tax account balanceIncome tax installment paymentsSome tax slips: (T4, T4A, T4A(P), T4A(OAS), T4E)Canada Child Tax Benefit and related provincial program payments and balancesUniversal Child Care Benefit payments, balance and statement of accountGoods and Services Tax (GST) credit or Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) credit and related provincial program payments and balancesRegistered Retirement Savings Plan (RRSP) contributions, deductions claimed, and your RRSP contribution limitHome Buyers Plan and Lifelong Learning Plan statement informationTax-Free Savings Account (TFSA) informationWorking Income Tax Benefit advance paymentsDisability tax credit You can also make requests and take other actions on My Account, such as: Change your returnChange personal information such as address, phone number, or marital statusAuthorize a representativeApply for child benefitsArrange direct depositRequest remittance formsSet up a payment planDisagree with your assessmentSubmit documents Logging in to Use the My Account Service When you go to the My Account site, you will be given a choice between logging in with a CRA User ID and password, or logging in with credentials you may already have with a Sign-in Partner, such as those you use for online banking. When you use a Sign-in Partner, none of your personal tax information is shared with your financial institution, and the name of your financial institution, log-in credentials, and banking details are not shared with the CRA. Using a CRA User ID and Password To use a CRA user ID and password, you must first register for the CRA My Account service. Be sure the CRA has your current address before you register. There are several ways to change your address with the CRA. Read the CRA instructions on how to register carefully before registering for My Account. Its a four-step process. Youll need your last two income tax returns, your Social Insurance Number, your date of birth and your  postal code. Be ready to create a user ID and password using CRA checklists, and also be ready to create and answer security questions. Youll also have to wait for at least five business days (15 business days outside Canada and the United States) to receive a CRA security code in the mail. The security code has an expiry date, so be sure to follow the instructions in the letter you receive with the code. The Quick Access Service has been discontinued, but you can now get immediate access to some of your personal tax information using My Account without having to wait for the security access code. Without a security access code, you can: View the general status of your tax return (detailed information about the status of your return requires the security access code)View your RRSP and TFSA limits for the current yearrequest a remittance formView notice of assessment or reassessment Using a Sign-in Partner To use a Sign-in Partner to access the My Account Tax Service, first read the Using a Sign-in Partner FAQ. Then select Sign-in Partner Login on My Account to choose a Sign-in Partner. By choosing a Sign-in Partner you will be agreeing to the terms, conditions, and privacy notice of SecureKey Concierge, which is a credential broker service that acts as a bridge between the Canadian government and participating credential service providers. Computer Requirements for My Account Tax Service Check that your operating system and browser configurations and settings meet the requirements to use My Account. Help With My Account Tax Service If you require help using the My Account service, call the CRA.

Editing - Definition and Guidelines

Editing - Definition and Guidelines Editing is a stage of the writing process in which a writer or editor strives to improve a draft (and sometimes prepare it for publication) by correcting errors and by making words and sentences clearer, more precise, and more effective. The process of  editing involves adding, deleting, and rearranging words along with recasting sentences and  cutting the clutter. Tightening our writing and mending faults can turn out to be a remarkably creative activity, leading us to clarify ideas, fashion fresh images, and even radically rethink the way we approach a topic. Put another way, thoughtful editing can inspire further  revision  of our work. EtymologyFrom the French, to publish, edit   Observations Two Types of EditingThere are two types of editing: the ongoing edit and the draft edit. Most of us edit as we write and write as we edit, and its impossible to slice cleanly between the two. Youre writing, you change a word in a sentence, write three sentences more, then back up a clause to change that semicolon to a dash; or you edit a sentence and a new idea suddenly spins out from a word change, so you write a new paragraph where until that moment nothing else was needed. That is the ongoing edit. . . .For the draft edit, you stop writing, gather a number of pages together, read them, make notes on what works and doesnt, then rewrite. It is only in the draft edit that you gain a sense of the whole and view your work as a detached professional. It is the draft edit that makes us uneasy, and that arguably matters most.(Susan Bell, The Artful Edit: On the Practice of Editing Yourself. W.W. Norton, 2007)Editing CheckpointsThe final step for the writer is to go back and clean up the r ough edges. . . . Here are some checkpoints:Facts: Make sure that what youve written is what happened;Spelling: Check and recheck names, titles, words with unusual spellings, your most frequently misspelled words, and everything else. Use a spell check but keep training your eye;Numbers: Recheck the digits, especially phone numbers. Check other numbers, make sure all math is correct, give thought to whether numbers (crowd estimates, salaries, etc.) seem logical;Grammar: Subjects and verbs must agree; pronouns need correct antecedents; modifiers must not dangle; make your English teacher proud;Style: When it comes to repairing your story, leave the copy desk feeling like the washing machine repair guy who has nothing to do.(F. Davis, The Effective Editor. Poynter, 2000) Editing in ClassA large portion of everyday editing instruction can take place in the first few minutes of class . . .. Starting every class period with invitations to notice, combine, imitate, or celebrate is an easy way to make sure editing and writing are done every day. I want to communicate with my instruction that editing is shaping and creating writing as much as it is something that refines and polishes it. . . . I want to step away from all the energy spent on separating editing from the writing process, shoved off at the end of it all or forgotten about altogether.(Jeff Anderson, Everyday Editing. Stenhouse, 2007)Tinkering: The Essence of Writing WellRewriting is the essence of writing well: its where the game is won or lost. . . . Most writers dont initially say what they want to say, or say it as well as they could. The newly hatched sentence almost always has something wrong with it. Its not clear. Its not logical. Its verbose. Its klunky. Its pretentious. Its boring. It s full of clutter. Its full of cliches. It lacks rhythm. It can be read in several different ways. It doesnt lead out of the previous sentence. It doesnt . . . The point is that clear writing is the result of a lot of tinkering.(William Zinsser, On Writing Well. Harper, 2006) The Slap-and-Pat Theory of EditingWhat I try to practice is what I call the slap-and-pat theory of editing. Almost everything thats written needs some criticism. Almost everything thats written needs some praise, or deserves some praise. So you try to mix praise with criticism. Ideally, you do it sincerely. That is, you dont praise what you really dont like; but you praise what you really do like. You dont write 12 pages of things that are wrong, without remembering to find something else you like, that is already right.(Editor Samuel S. Vaughan, in an interview with the online journal Archipelago)The Lighter Side of EditingI hate cross-outs. If Im writing and I accidentally begin a word with the wrong letter, I actually use a word that does begin with that letter so I dont have to cross out. Hence the famous closing, Dye-dye for now. A lot of my letters make no sense, but they are often very neat.(Paula Poundstone, Theres Nothing in This Book That I Meant to Say. Three Rivers Press, 2006) Pronunciation: ED-et-ing

Alcan case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Alcan - Case Study Example Moreover, the information integrators try to compete through product or service differentiation rather than cost minimization and business model optimization. Robert Ouelette, the newly appointed Corporate IT Vice President, identified that the Alcan had invested a total amount of $295 million in IT services annually. This huge amount points that the company specifically gives great emphasis on IT projects and IT innovation. Robert also says that there were three major SAP implementation projects representing a combined investment of $500 million in various sectors throughout the organization when he joined the Alcan. These facts indicate that the organization has not taken any initiative to trim down IT costs and thereby to compete on prices. However, the firm strives to obtain information necessary to improve operational efficiency. To illustrate, the company currently works on more than 1000 information systems. The company’s 80% of â€Å"total annual IT budget was spent o n outside services from consulting and outsourcing firms, as well as on equipment and software† (Dube, Bernier, and Roy). 2. The five decision areas of the Alcan are financial applications, architecture, information system solutions, infrastructure planning, and infrastructure shared services. From a thorough analysis, it seems that the organization mainly practices a decentralized IT governance model in these five key decision areas although it deploys multiple governance approaches. The case study clearly indicates that all the 14 resources of the groups responsible for the improvement and promotion of corporate applications were disparate with no centralized management control. Robert states that this group did not show any form of coordinated leadership for carrying out financial applications effectively and there were no well structured common architecture for those applications. In addition, the

Difference in Work for Information Technology Management with Sarbanes Essay

Difference in Work for Information Technology Management with Sarbanes Oxley Act - Essay Example The major focus is on the role of the Information Technology managers and how they are responsible to reengineer and manage the business processes to implement the Sarbanes Oxley act, with the key issues that really need to be addressed by the managers to be successful in implementing the act. The Sarbanes Oxley (SOX) Information technology controls play a sound role in business and accounting. These controls are activities especially designed to ensure that organizations business objectives are met. These controls are majorly related to data integrity and availability with the IT functions management. Information Controls get importance in United States after the release of Sarbanes-Oxley act in July 2002. The act was passed in response to the business and accounting scandals of USA corporate firms. This act provided new standards to the corporate firms which explicitly define the laws which are mandatory to be followed when working with financial data, interactions in corporate cul ture and audit controls that assure the accuracy of financial statements. Compliance with the laws should not be discouraged; it should be handled parallel to other legislative laws with appropriate analysis. Sarbanes Oxley Act The act affects American corporate firms in terms of what the management should do to ensure the auditor’s are independent of their clients. ... ct After the implementation of Sarbanes Oxley a big change come which affected the corporate companies and its management financially and legally (Tricia Bisoux, July/August 2005). Under the Section 404 the senior management will be responsible for every pros or cons in the financial statements and audit reports (Sans Institute,2005). These acts were defined when American company Enron personnel’s refuses to accept the discrepancies in their company’s financial reports. As a result this legislation meant a lot to the companies of USA. Responsibility of Information Technology Managers Information Technology has become an integral part of every organization which ranges from small private organizations to big multi-national or corporate firms. They will surely need an Information Technology department with the efficient management who will be managing the business process alignment with the business objectives. To attain this goal Organizations Company hires senior manage ment in the IT, who will act as a sole responsible for the business objective. As Sarbanes Oxley focus majorly on the laws that has become the mandatory part for every public trade company, these IT Managers will be serving as the chief role in accomplishing the act. They will need to ensure the compliance of the every function with the established principles by the senior management. What the IT Managers are required to reengineer the business processes in parallel to the laws to implement the act effectively and in different way. Every process should ensure compliance of standards. In this regards the most significant role is being played by the Manager himself. To fully implement the Sarbanes Oxley law they need go for the change of senior management and board of director’s way of working and

Weekly questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

Weekly questions - Assignment Example Wilson notes that individuals do what is required of them and are well-mannered and identify incidences where the requirement for confirmation is best for the community. One of the primary attributes of societies that Wilson identifies is society members share collective principles, and it appears as if regulations are a form of the collective principles for the advancement of the society (Wilson 37-40). According to Wilson (42), both law and morals purpose to dictate people’s behavior. While the law involves sanctions for disobedience, morality involves incentives, both positive and negative. Homer’s society has no rationality of wickedness or guilt, and personal internal control is absent. Instead, people in the society are controlled and guided by social rules. However, this may be confusing since an individual may not know what to think of it (Wilson 45). This is because if they are not guided by conscience, but social rules, how did people developed the need to appease other people and collaborate within the society. On the other hand, Plato sees the people as controlled by internal conscience that attempts to achieve harmony within every individual (Wilson 53-5). In Omelas, the child suffered in place of the whole community, and thereafter everyone went on with their business and activities in a paradise with no sin or guilt. All this was done in order to keep the boy in the basement away from the public. Everyone who had interacted with the boy only kicked his food, and he could not apprehend what was going on (Wilson 63-68). Notably, the city is in peace, and everyone is in pleasure simply because the boy is suffering and kept away. To make matters worse, the people know that the boy is there, and they are okay with it. In this case, everyone in the city chooses pleasure over morality. Though it has been decades since his death, Freud set a center stage for continued research. This is because even up to today, some of his theories are

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management - Essay Example Various undertakings require examination before undertaking them so as to enable for sound judgment. Figuring out objectives and then setting up a plan on now to reach the targets is one key technique of efficient planning. One major planning tool that happens to be efficient is enquiring from the individuals carrying out the various tasks for their input. Making it happen happens to be the next procedure of the management process after obtaining a plan. The management ought to ascertain that everything required to implement to the management plan is set or is available when required. It is imperative to confirm that everyone comprehends their role and significance their role contributes to the general success. The following procedure involves telling individuals whatever they are required to perform. It is crucial to make certain everything is running according to plan. When there exists a setback, management is charged with the role of stepping in to modify the plan. Managing is no t a simple task. Nonetheless, it can be performed successfully with the experience being very rewarding. In the management process, matters that could be derailing the efficiency of individuals often pop up from the actions they are involved in that are time consuming. Internet email tends to be abused by the individuals working for various organizations. It is in this light that this report is looking to examine the management reasons that lead to their decisions to banning the use of internal email within the organizations. This report also gives an example of some of the corporations or organizations that have resulted to the prohibition of internal email usage, highlighting whether the move is an effective tool for effective management (Daft, 2011, 123). Phones 4U administrator is part of the emerging team of management that has called to the end of staff facing up their work without engaging in the utilization of email. Phones 4U ironically commends the virtues of contemporary communications to customers, however, the staff has been prohibited from utilizing one of the world’s most inexhaustible tools of communication, email. The holder of this chain’s multi-millionaire commercial holding, John Caudwell has the faith that the 2,500 staff has wasted a lot of time receiving and sending emails, rather than adequate time dealing and serving the customers face to face. The owner believes the email prohibition resulted in a dramatic and affirmative effect. According to John Caudwell, the email was insidiously overrunning Phones 4U. There had been signs by the management and staff, as well, at the firm’s headquarters and its stores, that the email propagation was inhibiting their effectiveness. The time spent per day after the ban, as articulated by Caudwell, amounted to three hours, which translated to a saving of ?6m each month. The industry players analyzed the move by Caudwell as a means to rejuvenate Phones 4U in its quest to take on it s major competitors, such as Carpfone Warehouse. On the contrary, some market analysts view such measures by managements differently. After chopping the hard expenditures to the bone, focus has shifted to the malleable expenditure, the individual time spent on the practices of management that have for years gone by unnoticed. The requirement for outstanding managers is ever present. The unprocessed number of managers required is declining. This has been necessitated by the networks

Prototyping Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prototyping Article - Research Paper Example This is followed by creating the system components using the five elements of IS – data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. Once the system components are created the next phase involves implementation of the business process. This is followed by the assessment of results and corelating the outcomes to defined goals and objectives. The people in charge of creating the business process evaluates the system efficacy and the extent to which it meets the pre-defined goals. BPM is basically a management approach designed to meet the evolving needs of the organization and help it re-model the business processes for greater effectiveness. BPM may be functional (focusing on a single business process), cross functional (integrating the functions of two or more departments to create a value chain) or inter-organizational (collaborating business processes of one company with another). Examples of such activities include human resource department, customer relationship management (CRM), and supply chain management (SCM). Discuss some of the key aspects to developing successful process and systems development projects. Managing and developing successful process and systems development projects is a challenging task. ... ence, the entire project must be divided into smaller tasks each of which have distinct deliverables and time schedules defined to ensure effective outcomes. The second factor is estimating the exact time and costs that will be incurred at each stage of the project execution. This helps the management in identifying key resources, approximate time required for development and the cost of the entire project. The third requirement is creating the project plan that helps in defining task dependencies and guides the management in ensuring timely completion of projects and smooth execution of the plan. Adjusting the project completion schedule or cost estimates to client requirements is yet another aspect that needs attention. Clients can trade off with system developers by balancing the three vital requirements of any project – resources, time and cost. This can help reduce time and cost estimates for any project to suit client requirements. The final aspect is actual development phase where there is lot of scope for things going wrong. Managing development challenges is the final requirement to ensure successful process and systems development projects. Prototyping Article Review The article Prototyping is the Shorthand of Design by Tom Kelly (2001), the General Manager at IDEO provides an interesting and self-explanatory analysis of how and what is prototyping. A search on the google for articles on prototyping provided me with this interesting read. It provides the readers with some simple illustrations on the practical applications of prototyping and how it can contribute to developing successful designs and ideas. The article explains the concept of prototyping through practical applications in real life scenarios. What is most interesting about the article is its

Nature or Nurture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Nature or Nurture - Essay Example In the article, â€Å"Why Boys Don’t play with Dolls†, Pollitt seeks to dismantle the stereotype that girls naturally like dolls, but boys don’t; and that boys naturally like trucks, while girls don’t. In this article, Pollitt argues that children’s behaviour can solely be accounted for by nurture that the children have gone through from their parents, and not by the nature of the children. To make her point clear, Pollitt has given a number of examples and arguments to support her claim. One of the examples that Pollitt uses in her article to support her claim is the example of feminist women who neither love the Barbie doll nor hate the Barbie doll. In this example, Pollitt argues that it is not possible for the American women to either love Barbie or to hate the Barbie doll. The reason why the women are unable to love the Barbie doll is that at one time or another in their life, the women have been unable to achieve the societal ideals represented by the Barbie doll, for this reason, they can’t love the Barbie doll. On the other hand, the women are unable to hate the Barbie doll; this is because hating the Barbie doll would mean that they hate all the good societal ideals represented by the Barbie doll. For this reason, Pollitt argued that all American women, including the feminists, find themselves giving their young girls Barbie dolls, the women are culturally and environmentally conditioned to view Barbie dolls as a feminine thing that should be given on ly to the girls. Pollitt also gave another example of boys and sports. In this example, Pollitt argues that, although, some women don’t like seeing their sons spending their free times watching sports, the women, however, do not stop their children from watching sports because they are culturally conditioned to see sports as a manly thing. Pollitt goes on to argue that, it is not the children who freely chooses their playing

Prototyping Article Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Prototyping Article - Research Paper Example This is followed by creating the system components using the five elements of IS – data, hardware, software, people, and procedures. Once the system components are created the next phase involves implementation of the business process. This is followed by the assessment of results and corelating the outcomes to defined goals and objectives. The people in charge of creating the business process evaluates the system efficacy and the extent to which it meets the pre-defined goals. BPM is basically a management approach designed to meet the evolving needs of the organization and help it re-model the business processes for greater effectiveness. BPM may be functional (focusing on a single business process), cross functional (integrating the functions of two or more departments to create a value chain) or inter-organizational (collaborating business processes of one company with another). Examples of such activities include human resource department, customer relationship management (CRM), and supply chain management (SCM). Discuss some of the key aspects to developing successful process and systems development projects. Managing and developing successful process and systems development projects is a challenging task. ... ence, the entire project must be divided into smaller tasks each of which have distinct deliverables and time schedules defined to ensure effective outcomes. The second factor is estimating the exact time and costs that will be incurred at each stage of the project execution. This helps the management in identifying key resources, approximate time required for development and the cost of the entire project. The third requirement is creating the project plan that helps in defining task dependencies and guides the management in ensuring timely completion of projects and smooth execution of the plan. Adjusting the project completion schedule or cost estimates to client requirements is yet another aspect that needs attention. Clients can trade off with system developers by balancing the three vital requirements of any project – resources, time and cost. This can help reduce time and cost estimates for any project to suit client requirements. The final aspect is actual development phase where there is lot of scope for things going wrong. Managing development challenges is the final requirement to ensure successful process and systems development projects. Prototyping Article Review The article Prototyping is the Shorthand of Design by Tom Kelly (2001), the General Manager at IDEO provides an interesting and self-explanatory analysis of how and what is prototyping. A search on the google for articles on prototyping provided me with this interesting read. It provides the readers with some simple illustrations on the practical applications of prototyping and how it can contribute to developing successful designs and ideas. The article explains the concept of prototyping through practical applications in real life scenarios. What is most interesting about the article is its